It is a dark honey and has attracted a lot of attention, especially in regard to its antimicrobial agent, antioxidant efficacy, and potential role in wound healing. Manuka honey is a unifloral honey derived from the manuka tree, Leptospermum scoparium, belonging to the family Myrtaceae in New Zealand and the Eastern region of Australia. Flavonoids-polyphenolic compounds are a group of secondary metabolites naturally occurring in the plant kingdom, possess numerous pharmacological activities (antiinflammatory, antimicrobial and gastroprotective), and prevent gastric ulcer formation through several mechanisms, including antisecretory and antioxidant mechanisms. The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) was found to play an important role in ethanol-induced apoptosis during gastric ulcer formation. Ethanol also induces alterations in the cytokine balance responsible for inflammation in the gastric mucosa. This is followed by a surge in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative bursts in the essential cellular components, including nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. Ethanol results in a rush in neutrophil infiltration into the site of injury, which is essentially an acute inflammatory reaction. The model of an ethanol-induced gastric ulcer is used for the evaluation of the gastroprotective activity of many new therapeutics and natural products. Įthanol is a well-known damaging agent to the gastric mucosa, used in animals and clinical studies. Therefore, new treatments have been sought to enhance the efficacy of current drugs or to discover potential new agents that are more effective and less expensive and have fewer health-associated side effects than those currently used. Other issues include the long-term duration of the treatment period (therapy with H2-receptor antagonists for 1 year) and the incomplete eradication of ulcers. Moreover, there is a very high relapse rate (80% at 1st year and 100% in the 2nd year of treatment). There are numerous side effects associated with the drugs used in the treatment of ulcers, including arrhythmia, impotence, gynaecomastia, and hematopoietic changes. There are several drug categories that have been used in the treatment of gastric ulcers, including proton pump inhibitors, M1-receptor blockers, and H2-receptor antagonists. Gastric ulcers have long been rated as one of the most common diseases affecting humans in general and young people in particular. In conclusion, manuka honey likely exerted its antiulcer, effect by keeping enzymatic (GPx and SOD) and nonenzymatic (GSH and NO) antioxidants as well as inflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, IL-1 β, and IL-6) in a reduced form, inhibited lipid peroxidation (MDA), and preserved mucous glycoproteins levels. Manuka honey also decreased gastric mucosal MDA and plasma TNF- α, IL-1 β, and IL-6 concentrations. It significantly increased gastric mucosal levels of NO, GSH, GPx, and SOD. Manuka honey significantly decreased the ulcer index, completely protected the mucosa from lesions, and preserved gastric mucosal glycoprotein. Plasma tumour necrosis factor- α, interleukin-1 β, and IL-6 were also measured. The effects of oxidative stress were investigated using the following indicators: gastric mucosal nitric oxide (NO), reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxide (MDA, measured as malondialdehyde) glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase. Stomachs were examined macroscopically for hemorrhagic lesions in the glandular mucosa, histopathological changes, and glycoprotein detection. Four groups of rats were used: control, ethanol (ulcer), omeprazole, and manuka honey. The mechanism by which honey exerts its antiulcer potential was elucidated. This study aimed at investigating the gastroprotective effects of manuka honey against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Gastric ulcers are among the most common diseases affecting humans.
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